Comparison of the Effectiveness of Time Perspective-Based Intervention and Emotional Efficacy on Physical Self-Description Components in Never-Married Women Experiencing the Climacteric Period
Keywords:
time perspective, emotional efficacy, physical self-description, never-married women, climacteric.Abstract
The aim of this study was to compare the effectiveness of time perspective-based intervention and emotional efficacy on physical self-description components in never-married women experiencing the climacteric period. The research employed a quasi-experimental method with a pre-test, post-test, and follow-up design featuring a control group. Participants consisted of single women with no history of marriage who were experiencing the climacteric period; they were randomly assigned into three groups: time perspective training, emotional efficacy training, and a control group. Both intervention groups participated in several group therapy/training sessions, while the control group received no intervention. The research instrument included the Physical Self-Description Questionnaire (PSDQ) by Marsh et al. (2010), which was completed across the three stages of pre-test, post-test, and follow-up. Data were analyzed using repeated measures analysis of variance (ANOVA) to examine the effects of time, group, and the time group interaction. The results indicated that both interventions, compared to the control group, led to a significant increase in physical self-description during the post-test and follow-up stages. Furthermore, in most components, the time perspective-based intervention demonstrated greater effectiveness than emotional efficacy, such that the increase in physical self-description in the time perspective group was more stable and exhibited a stronger effect size. These findings suggest that time perspective-based intervention can be utilized as an efficient approach to improving psychological constructs related to physical self-description in never-married women experiencing the climacteric period.
Downloads
References
1. Asgari F, Basiri Moghadam K, Basiri Moghadam M, Torabi S, Gholamfarkhani S, Moharreri M, et al. Natural menopause age and comparison of prevalence of its early complications. Journal of Contemporary Internal Medicine. 2011;17(4):42-8.
2. Ali AM, Ahmed AH, Smail L. Psychological Climacteric Symptoms and Attitudes toward Menopause among Emirati Women. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2020;17(14):5028. doi: 10.3390/ijerph17145028.
3. Khakkar M, Kazemi A. Relationship between mental health and climacteric adjustment in middle aged women. BMC Women's Health. 2023;23(1):234. doi: 10.1186/s12905-023-02397-x.
4. Canesares CB, Bitangcol IJ, Castaneda K, Fontamillas DK, Quilas DR, editors. Through the Lens of Solitude: Capturing the Realities of Singlehood Stigma Among Women. International Scholars Conference; 2024.
5. Zangirolami-Raimundo J, Sorpreso I, Reboucas C, Bezerra P, Costa L, Baracat E, et al. Depression in women in climacteric period: a brief review. Revista da Associacao Medica Brasileira. 2023;69(7). doi: 10.1590/1806-9282.20230385.
6. Vincent C, Bodnaruc AM, Prud'homme D, Olson V, Giroux I. Associations between menopause and body image: A systematic review. Women's Health. 2023;19. doi: 10.1177/17455057231209536.
7. Bellard A, Urgesi C, Cazzato V. Self-body recognition and attitudes towards body image in younger and older women. Archives of Women's Mental Health. 2022;25(1):107-19. doi: 10.1007/s00737-021-01164-x.
8. Ebrahimi F, Kiamarsi A, Taklavi S. The effectiveness of time perspective therapy on physical self-concept and psychological helplessness. Rooyesh. 2023;12(5):109-18.
9. Hulteen RM, Marlatt KL, Allerton TD, Lovre D. Detrimental Changes in Health during Menopause: The Role of Physical Activity. International Journal of Sports Medicine. 2023;44(6):389-96. doi: 10.1055/a-2003-9406.
10. Alnjadat R, Momani EA, Etoom M, Hamdan F, Alrub SA. Level of adherence to diet and physical activity among menopausal women and influencing factors in Jordan. Frontiers in Public Health. 2024;12:1333102. doi: 10.3389/fpubh.2024.1333102.
11. Fathirezaie Z, Ebrahimi S, Zamani Sani SH. Validity and Reliability of short version of physical self-description questionnaire. Journal of Sport Management and Motor Behavior. 2017;13(26):275-89. doi: 10.22080/jsmb.2017.12144.2606.
12. Abbasi L, Monirpour N, Mirzahoseini H. Explaining Self-Acceptance based on Body Image, Gender Role with mediation of Time Perspective among Menopausal Women. Medical Journal of Mashhad University of Medical Sciences. 2021;64(3):3335-47. doi: 10.22038/mjms.2021.19117.
13. Bien A, Niewiadomska I, Korzynska-Pietas M, Rzonca E, Zarajczyk M, Pieta B, et al. General self-efficacy as a moderator between severity of menopausal symptoms and satisfaction with life. Frontiers in Public Health. 2024;12:1426191. doi: 10.3389/fpubh.2024.1426191.
14. Herson M, Kulkarni J. Hormonal Agents for the Treatment of Depression Associated with the Menopause. Drugs & Aging. 2022;39(8):607-18. doi: 10.1007/s40266-022-00962-x.
15. Afshin Bahadori M, Kalhornia Golkar S, Pashang S. The Effectiveness of Schema Therapy Intervention in Weight, Body Image and Self-esteem of Obese People: A Randomized Controlled Trial. Hormozgan Medical Journal. 2022;26(2):82-7.
16. Ansari Asl M, Mohamadpour S. The Effectiveness of Acceptance and Commitment Therapy on Body Image Avoidance and Inflexibility in Obese and Overweight Women. Medical Education Journal of Shahrekord University of Medical Sciences. 2022;12:47.
17. Czepczor-Bernat K, Brytek-Matera A, Staniszewska A. The effect of a web-based psychoeducation on emotional functioning, eating behaviors, and body image. Archives of Women's Mental Health. 2021;24(3):423-35.
18. Zimbardo PG, Boyd JN. Putting time in perspective: A valid, reliable individual-differences metric. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology. 1999;77(6):1271-88.
19. Zimbardo PG, Boyd JN. The Time Cure: Overcoming PTSD, Anxiety, and Anger with Time Perspective Therapy: Jossey-Bass; 2015.
Downloads
Published
Submitted
Revised
Accepted
Issue
Section
License
Copyright (c) 2026 Fatemeh Sadat Mohammadi (Author); Masoumeh Hashemi; Maryam Ghahremani Ochghaz (Author)
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.
